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Part XI of the Constitution of India
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Part XI of the Constitution of India : ウィキペディア英語版
Part XI of the Constitution of India

Part XI – consists of Articles on Relations between the Union and States
==Chapter I==
;Articles 245–255 on Distribution of Legislative Powers
The Constitution provides for a three-fold distribution of legislative subjects between the Centre and
the states, viz., List-I (the Union List), List-II (the State List) and List-III (the Concurrent List) in the
Seventh Schedule:
(i) The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws with respect to any of the matters
enumerated in the Union List. This list has at present 100 subjects (originally 971 subjects)
like defence, banking, foreign affairs, currency, atomic energy, insurance, communication,
inter-state trade and commerce, census, audit and so on.
(ii) The state legislature has “in normal circumstances” exclusive powers to make laws with
respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List. This has at present 61 subjects
(originally 662 subjects) like public order, police, public health and sanitation, agriculture,
prisons, local government, fisheries, markets, theaters, gambling and so on.
(iii) Both, the Parliament and state legislature can make laws with respect to any of the matters
enumerated in the Concurrent List. This list has at present 52 subjects (originally 473 subjects)
like criminal law and procedure, civil procedure, marriage and divorce, population control
and family planning, electricity, labour wel-fare, economic and social planning, drugs,
newspapers, books and printing press, and others. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976
transferred five subjects to Concurrent List from State List, that is, (a) education, (b) forests,
(c) weights and measures, (d) protection of wild animals and birds, and (e) administration of
justice; constitu-tion and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high
courts.
The power to make laws with respect to residuary subjects (i.e., the matters which are not
enumerated in any of the three lists) is vested in the Parliament. This residuary power of legisla-tion
includes the power to levy residuary taxes.
From the above scheme, it is clear that the matters of national importance and the matters which
requires uniformity of legislation nationwide are included in the Union List. The matters of regional
and local importance and the matters which permits diversity of interest are specified in the State
List. The matters on which uniformity of legislation throughout the country is desirable but not
essential are enumerated in the concurrent list. Thus, it permits diversity along with uniformity.
In US, only the powers of the Federal Government are enumerated in the Constitution and the
residuary powers are left to the states. The Australian Constitution followed the American pattern of
single enumeration of powers. In Canada, on the other hand, there is a double enumeration—Federal
and Provincial, and the residuary powers are vested in the Centre.
The Government of India (GoI) Act of 1935 provided for a three-fold emumenration, viz., federal,
provincial and concurrent. The present Constitution follows the scheme of this act but with one
difference, that is, under this act, the residuary powers were given neither to the federal legislature
nor to the provincial legislature but to the governor-general of India. In this respect, India follows the
Canadian precedent.
The Constitution expressly secure the predominance of the Union List over the State List and the
Concurrent List and that of the Concurrent List over the State List. Thus, in case of overlapping
between the Union List and the State List, the former should prevail. In case of overlapping between
the Union List and the Concurrent List, it is again the former which should prevail. Where there is a
conflict between the Concurrent List and the State List, it is the former that should prevail.
In case of a conflict between the Central law and the state law on a subject enumerated in the
Concurrent List, the Central law prevails over the state law. But, there is an exception. If the state law
has been reserved for the consideration of the president and has received his assent, then the state law
prevails in that state. But, it would still be competent for the Parliament to override such a law by
subsequently making a law on the same matter.
'3. Parliamentary Legislation in the State Field
The above scheme of distribution of legislative powers between the Centre and the states is to be
maintained in normal times. But, in abnormal times, the scheme of distribution is either modified or
suspended. In other words, the Constitution empowers the Parliament to make laws on any matter
enumerated in the State List under the following five extraordinary circumstances:
When Rajya Sabha Passes a Resolution If the Rajya Sabha declares that it is necessary in the
national interest that Parliament should make laws on a matter in the State List, then the Parliament
becomes competent to make laws on that matter. Such a resolution must be supported by two-thirds of
the members present and voting. The resolution remains in force for one year; it can be renewed any
number of times but not exceeding one year at a time. The laws cease to have effect on the expiration
of six months after the resolution has ceased to be in force.
This provision does not restrict the power of a state legislature to make laws on the same matter. But,
in case of inconsistency between a state law and a parliamentary law, the latter is to prevail.
During a National Emergency The Parliament acquires the power to legislate with respect to
matters in the State List, while a proclamation of national emergency is in operation. The laws
become inoperative on the expiration of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.
Here also, the power of a state legislature to make laws on the same matter is not restricted. But, in
case of repugnancy between a state law and a parliamentary law, the latter is to prevail.
When States Make a Request When the legislatures of two or more states pass resolutions
requesting the Parliament to enact laws on a matter in the State List, then the Parliament can make
laws for regulating that matter. A law so enacted applies only to those states which have passed the
resolutions. However, any other state may adopt it afterwards by passing a resolution to that effect in
its legislature. Such a law can be amended or repealed only by the Parliament and not by the
legislatures of the concerned states.
The effect of passing a resolution under the above provision is that the Parliament becomes entitled to
legislate with respect to a matter for which it has no power to make a law. On the other hand, the state
legislature ceases to have the power to make a law with respect to that matter. The resolution
operates as abdication or surrender of the power of the state legislature with respect to that matter
and it is placed entirely in the hands of Parliament which alone can then legislate with respect to it.
Some examples of laws passed under the above provision are Prize Competition Act, 1955; Wild
Life (Protection) Act, 1972; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Urban Land
(Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976; and Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994.
To Implement International Agreements The Parliament can make laws on any matter in the State
List for implementing the international treaties, agreements or conventions. This provision enables the
Central government to fulfil its international obligations and commitments.
Some examples of laws enacted under the above provision are United Nations (Privileges and
Immunities) Act, 1947; Geneva Convention Act, 1960; Anti-Hijacking Act, 1982 and legislations
relating to environment and TRIPS.
During President’s Rule When the President’s rule is imposed in a state, the Parliament becomes
empowered to make laws with respect to any matter in the State List in relation to that state. A law
made so by the Parliament continues to be operative even after the president’s rule. This means that
the period for which such a law remains in force is not co-terminus with the duration of the
President’s rule. But, such a law can be repealed or altered or re-enacted by the state legislature.
4. Centre’s Control Over State Legislation
Besides the Parliament’s power to legislate directly on the state subjects under the exceptional
situations, the Constitution empowers the Centre to exercise control over the state’s legislative
matters in the following ways:
(i) The governor can reserve certain types of bills passed by the state legislature for the
consideration of the President. The president enjoys absolute veto over them.
(ii) Bills on certain matters enumerated in the State List can be introduced in the state legislature
only with the previous sanction of the president. (For example, the bills imposing restrictions
on the freedom of trade and commerce).
(iii) The President can direct the states to reserve money bills and other financial bills passed by
the state legislature for his consideration during a financial emergency.
From the above, it is clear that the Constitution has assigned a position of superiority to the Centre in
the legislative sphere. In this context, the Sarkaria Commission on Centre–State Relations (1983–87)
observed: “The rule of federal supremacy is a technique to avoid absurdity, resolve conflict and
ensure harmony between the Union and state laws. If this principle of union supremacy is excluded, it
is not difficult to imagine its deleterious results. There will be every possibility of our two-tier
political system being stultified by interference, strife, legal chaos and confusion caused by a host of
conflicting laws, much to the bewilderment of the common citizen. Integrated legislative policy and
uniformity on basic issues of common Union–state concern will be stymied. The federal principle of
unity in diversity will be very much a casualty. This rule of federal supremacy, therefore, is
indispensable for the successful functioning of the federal system”.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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